Essay on Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague - 1448 Words

The Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague The Black Death was a major factor in the history of Europe as well as the history of the world. Rivaling the effects of an immense bioterrorist attack, the Black Death was responsible for the taking of over 25 million lives. Creating economic, societal, and medical changes, the Black Death forced Europe to essentially recreate its entire groundwork. At the time of the Black Death, medicine remained very archaic, and European society scrambled to find a cure to this mysterious disease. This study ponders the effects of medieval methods of treatment on this once ravaging disease. The Middle Ages was a dark time for the people of Europe. As the Black Death reigned during the mid-14nth century,†¦show more content†¦This version of the plague is contagious. Because of the various changes in the behavior of the plague, people seemed to catch the disease The plague not only wreaked havoc on Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague 2 social order but also catalyzed theories and new methods of treatments which ranged from bizarre to deadly. The science field and the Roman Catholic Church created various theories and much of these new methods of treatment?none of which succeeded. Their inability to create a cure stimulated an end to the all-powerful reign of the Church as well as the disillusionment in the very system which governed the people?resulting in not only extreme population changes in Europe but the path of history itself. During the Middle Ages, science was not emphasized and doctors retained many of the same beliefs held by their predecessors centuries ago. Therefore, the medicines they used were herbal and passed down from generations. Although these herbal remedies, such as wormwood and lungwort, had some merit and cured stomachaches and headaches, they were insufficient in curing the bubonic plague. Another ancient practice was bloodletting, which was common during the Greco-Roman times. The doctors of the medieval times believed that four different liquids controlled the body (1). Developed by the Greek philosopher Galen, the theory held that the body was controlled by four fluid?black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. Each fluidShow MoreRelatedThe Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Medieval world has a certain connotation to its meaning. People throughout time have found the era synonymous with negativity. It has often been referenced to as the middle or dark ages lending people the view of a world with little to no progress along human advancement. We often paint the picture of medieval Europe with kings, queens, lords and peasants. We also immediately thing of the bubonic plague that wiped out almost a third of the European population at the time. However, there areRead MoreEurope and the Black Death Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated that this unidentifiable disease killed â€Å"more than 20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population,† by the 1350’s (Black Death). Now in today’s society scientists classify the unidentifiable disease as the bubonic plague, also referred to as the Black Death. During fourteenth century European-society, there was no logical medical knowledge; instead, p eople resorted to supplementary explanations, such as God punishing misbehaving religious groups and sinners (BlackRead MoreEssay on The Black Death1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is impossible to discuss Europe’s history without mentioning the Plague of 1348, also known as the Black Death. The Black Death reached Italian shores in the spring of 1348. The presence of such a plague was enormously devastating making its mark in unprecedented numbers in recorded history. According to records, it is estimated to have killed a third of Europe’s population. The Black Death was caused by bacteria named Yersinia Pestis. This germ was transferred fromRead MoreEffects Of The Black Plague On Society944 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Death was the name given to a plague that occurred in the mid 13th century which caused at least a third of the world’s population to perish. During the years in which the plague spread across Europe, many aspects of life for the people that lived were altered forever. This epidemic was like no other in history and had an unprecedented outcome. The effects of the Black Plague on society were substantial resulting in great changes of social classes through role reorganization, changesRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Death1798 Words   |  8 PagesThere were three major outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic in the world. In the history the Black Plague is also called as the Black Death or Bubonic Plague. This research paper will mainly cover the European outbreak of the 14th century as it is considered to be the era of the worst time of the Black Death period. Many historians would agree that the events of 1300s led to dramatic changes affecting every European country in all the aspects. Creating economic, social, religious, and medical issuesRead MoreEssay about Changes in Thought Between 1301 and 1350797 Words   |  4 PagesThese serfs were forced to hand over even larger amounts of their crops in order to receive protection from the more powerful lords. The serfs were left with little or no money and without enough food to support themselves or their families. Their outlook shifted from looking towards a brighter future at the beginning of the 14th century, to a struggle for mere survival by the middle of the century. Prior to the early 14th century the society revolved around the church. Government, trade, and learningRead MoreThe Dark Ages, The Period Between 476 And 13501809 Words   |  8 Pagesmisguided by the derogatory implications of the words ‘dark’ and ‘medieval’. The Middle Ages (an umbrella term encompassing the Renaissance movement), a more appropriate term, marks a period between the downfall of classical Greece and Rome during the fifth and fourteenth century, and the rise of Greco-Roman systems and ideologies during the Renaissance. The Renaissance is often defined as a cultural movement between the end of the medieval period in 1350 to approximately 1620, as it marks the rebirthRead MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesobligations, feudalism did not allow serfs and peasants many freedoms. Although they were legally bound to their lords’ manor, serfs challenged the ways of feudal society by running away to towns. The decline of f eudalism was spurred on by the bubonic plague. As a disease that killed a third of Europe’s population, its effects on society were enormous. Populations fell, which meant that workers were scarce. This made manual labor more valuable. Serfs who were poorly paid or unpaid left manors in searchRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On Europe, Africa, And The Americas1523 Words   |  7 PagesNative populations by Europeans. The beginning of the Age of Discovery marked the end of Medieval Europe and the start of Modern Europe. Europe was affected in this exploration in two main ways, culturally and economically. Europe’s culture and updated technology spread throughout the world. The spread of Christianity from these parts brought other continents closer in culture relation to Europe. During the Medieval Age in Europe gold and silver was sparse, suddenly large supplies began to flood in fromRead MoreEssay on Magic and Superstition in the Middle Ages3515 Words   |  15 Pagesthat was the fusion of the highest form of love and knowledge† (McGinn 33). Here, the belief shifted from searching for a higher spirituality to having found that elevation in the Incarnate Word, Jesus Christ. This alteration in the philosophical outlook of the people brought about a whole new aspect of the supernatural. Now that there was a great power to believe in, there were sets of rules introduced to ensure pure worship of the new-found Incarnate Word. A few centuries later, the renowned Roman

A Business Journal On Ethics - 1140 Words

As society progresses in the advancement of technology, science, self-efficiency, the dichotomy of church and state increases in its separation. However, these advancements do not delete the moral dilemma man faces daily. Man no longer looks towards a higher power as a source of reason, truth, and morality, but rather looks to him/herself, basing their decisions on fallible human reasoning. Modernism, as the dominant worldview, is now the source of explanation, relying on human reasoning as the reference point in all areas of life, including vocation and business practices. Modernism is a reflection of man’s search of meaning and purpose. The modernism worldview carries over into various areas of disciplines. Today, a business manager, with a modernist worldview, may dictate the way s/he runs a business and resolves ethical dilemmas in the marketplace. Our worldview encompasses reality, knowledge, and morality, and forms the parameter in which man bases understanding. In a bus iness journal on ethics â€Å"According to modernism, reality, knowledge, and morality are founded in science, human reasoning, and objective evidence† (Kim et al. 116). Modernist base their epistemology on a cause and effect relationship, either from experimentation or history, modernist look to see if an action produces good results and, if so, therefore it is good. The nature of external reality, metaphysics, to a modernist is nothing but what one can see with their eyes, as â€Å"modernism holds thatShow MoreRelatedCritique Of - Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics1310 Words   |  6 Pages Manchester Metropolitan University Business School Research Methods Assessment 1: Critical Writing (15%) Granitz, N. and D. Loewy (2007), Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 72, pp 293-306. Summary Plagiarism in todays â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning providedRead MoreThe Importance Of Management And The Success Of A Company1192 Words   |  5 Pagescompany’s form alliances with upstream and downstream firms, using sophisticated marketing management strategies which ensures highly efficient logistics to the success of a company’s business process which maximizes profit (Sarkar, Echambadi, Harrison, 2001). The integrity of a company as in regards to the formal codes of ethics has had a dramatic increase in global industrial economy, because of the downfall of large organizations and repeated instances of corporate misconduct. There has been a reformRead MoreEssay on What is Cheating and Why Cheating is Bad?1219 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction - What is Cheating and Why Cheating is Bad? In this paper, we discuss how academic dishonesty in general and what role if any, the structure and teaching of courses – as a part of business management curriculum in particular – plays, in curbing that dishonesty. Cheating can be defined as any act of academic dishonesty and is encountered in various forms. There has been extensive research [Whitley, 1998] to analyze fraudulent exercises- especially in undergraduate school setting. 72%Read MoreThe Implications Of Business Ethics For Human Resource Management1457 Words   |  6 Pagesof business ethics for human resource management? Explain the potential role(s) of human resource managers in the ethical conduct of business. Provide examples where appropriate. Essay The concept of business ethics is gaining more and more attention from many different organisations. Business ethics relate to the ethical judgments of what is right and wrong in an organisation (Sparks et al. 2010, p.2). Human resource management in particular, demonstrates the implications of business ethics throughRead MoreSales Ethics Is an Oxymoron1567 Words   |  7 PagesIs Sales-Ethics an Oxymoron? Globalization highlighted the ethical issues and concerns for every individual organization, multinational organizational conduct their operations under ethical code of conduct to confine the issues faced by unethical conducts. Many organizations such as pharmaceutical firms, technological firms and financial firms pay more attentions to ethical behavior to ensure the sales to consumers have been impeccably ethical. However managers pay attention to behavioral ethicalRead MoreEthics As A Key Term Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesKEY TERM and WHY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT This paper will discuss ethics as a key term in cross boarder business. This topic is of interest because ethics are present in every day’s activities. For Christians, ethics is an important concept because it represents the image of the creator, God. As ambassadors of His world, Christians have the responsibility to edify others by living a moral and ethical life style. In the business field, the values and moral principles of individuals differ dependingRead MoreImportance of Ethics in International Business1541 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Ethics in International Business Executive Summary Ethics in the business world is important and global. Ethics  indicate what is right and what is wrong in  business branches and also lead employees and stakeholders with moral values. Due to the globalization of markets and production processes, business people have to deal with ethical issues in cross-cultural settings at an increasing number. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of international business, emphasiseRead MoreSituations Leading to Unethical Practices and Behavior in Accounting810 Words   |  3 Pagesbe tolerated in any company regardless of its mode of ownership ADDIN EN.CITE Tang20031598(Tang Chiu, 2003)1598159817Tang, Thomas Li-PingChiu, Randy K.Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees?Journal of Business EthicsJournal of Business Ethics13-304612003Springer01674544http://www.jstor.org/stable/25075086( HYPERLINK l _ENREF_4 o Tang, 2003 #1598 Tang Chiu, 2003). One of the reasons for unethical

A Crime Of Compassion Essay Example For Students

A Crime Of Compassion Essay Word Count: 696 Who has the right to take ones life from them? The Supreme Court says that no man shall take the life of another man without punishment. The Bible says, ;Thou shalt not kill; (Exodus 20:13), yet humans are still the only species that kills their own kind. Murder is wrong. Murder is unlawful. But when does taking the pain and suffering away from a dying victim become murder? Barbara Huttmann believes that there is a time when living has just gone too far. Her essay ;; addresses these points and this very controversial question: When is it lawful and moral to take the life of another person? Murder is still a crime, and there is a fine line between murder and a ;Do Not Resuscitate; (DNR) order from a Doctor. The state of Montana tried and convicted Dr. Kavorkian of murder just because he helped sad, tired and suffering patients end all of their pain, by killing them. Is this murder? Maybe, Kavorkian killed suffering victims. He had their permission, but nonetheless, he ended their life. DNR is different. While I have never had cancer, like ;Mac; in the essay, or any other terminal illness for the matter, I can sympathize for the patient and his family. Why should he have to stay alive or suffer? There comes a time when medical technology is just impending in the grand scheme of life. Whats wrong with death? What are we so afraid of? Why cant we treat death with a certain amount of humanity, dignity, and decency? Whether the patient believes in an after life or not, death is a part of life. While Barbara was required by hospital guidelines to report all ;Code Blues;, it is not morally wrong. But, in most states, unless the patient prior to the accident has signed a DNR, you must do whatever it takes to keep them alive. That is not moral, that is legal. But where do you draw the line? Barbara said hat she resuscitated Mac ;52 times in just on month; (3). Should there be a number that once reached, an understood DNR is in place? Or do we continue to treat only the symptoms of terminal illnesses and send patients back home to suffer? The point is that it is not fair to make someone to offer through pain day in and day out, just waiting to die. The Constitution has a law against cruel and unusual punishments: Does terminal illness count? Can they not just be allowed to die peacefully? Barbara uses emotional tactics to sell her ideas and convey her point. By attacking the readers heat, it is much easier to win the right or wrong battle, because everyone can relate to death. By using extreme adjectives and figurative metaphors, the reader has no choice but to want to reach out not only to Mac and his family, but also to Barbara, for she loved him, his wife, Maura, and their three kids as if they were her own(5). She had suffered right along with him through all of this. Death is sad, and it might not be fair, but dealing with death is far easier then dealing with pain and suffering of a loved one. Barbara Huttmann may have broken hospital policy that day, but the truth is, she did her friend Mac a favor. He wanted it, the family wanted it, and she wanted it. Medical technology, while unbelievably spectacular, is sometimes a nuisance. Mac deserved to be left along. He was tired of pain, tired of suffering, and tired of delaying the inevitable. Top of Volcano Blown Off In Blast! 18/04/82 Essay Murder and assisting death are one thing, but this is just allowing life to run its course. Sometimes it is just time. Time to let go, and time to move on. Barbara Huttmann is not guilty of murder. Her only crime is compassion. Social Issues .

White Devil an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

White Devil: a True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengence in Colonial America The book White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America is a historical novel about Robert Rogers better known as White Devil and his famous band of Rangers. They marched into French territory to attack for vengeance on the Abenaki Indians for their massacre of settlers at Fort William Henry. Steven Brumwell dramatically shows the stealth involved in reaching the Abenaki at the St. Francis River Basin, the details of the brutal slaughter, and the retreat to safety. This book offers different perspectives based on narratives from Abenaki and accounts from survivors. Brumwell also relied on more than 250 years of North American, British, and French archived documents to explore the truth behind this controversial episode from Americas aggressive past. Need essay sample on "White Devil: a True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengence in Colonial America" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The book is more or less a biography of Rogers and his Rangers and studies the many characters and individuals involved in the campaigns leading up to Rogers climatic raid on the Abenaki community of St. Francis in French Canada. Brumwells focus on the St. Francis raid provides a compelling narrative thread, and allows for a complete plot that is worthy of any historical novel. White Devil opens with the captivity of Susanna Johnson who is taken with her family and others in the community from Fort Number Four in New Hampshire and taken to St. Francis. She eventually returns home and her new built connections with the Abenaki provide a satisfying plot. Brumwell uses Susannas capture to give the reader a glace at the nature of the Abenaki community at St. Francis. After giving some cultural and geographical foundations, Brumwell then turns to the outbreak of war and the growing reputations of Robert Rogers and the Abenaki of St. Francis. Both quickly become feared fighters of wilderness warfare. Rogers provided skills and leadership for British forces sadly lacking in frontier scouts. The storys pace picks up as Brumwell recounts the early campaigns of the war, especially along the Hudson and Lake Champlain line. One of the points of this section that should be noted is the way in which the activities of the Indians and Rogers Rangers are folded into the operations of the regular European troops. Their skill was not simply in conducting ambushes, or fighting from behind trees, but in their ability to move quickly and quietly through hundreds of miles of wilderness, take prisoners, and gather information about enemy intentions. Theirs was a war for information that was fought with great savagery. It recounts the decision for the St. Francis rai d which was for vengeance and the terrifying detains of how it was fought. The battle that was fought killed mostly old men, women, and children in St. Francis. Brumwell then ends the book with a brief chapter outlining the conclusion of the war that included the personal failures and disappointments of Rogers in the postwar years. The book is very interesting and captivating to read and with Brumwells discussing a dramatic story with the latest historical findings that included a recently collected Abenaki oral histories and the discovery of Rogers hand drawn map of the raid. It also had the historical work now available on the nature of native societies and of wilderness warfare. Brumwell hopes to save Rogers from military critics who have accused the rangers of not having skill and effectiveness during the battle. But the author does not forget nor attempts to hide some of his more savage qualities that led the Abenakis to give him the name white devil. Our text America Past and Present only has small amounts of information on the French and Indian War and of the Abenakis. It discusses the Eastern coast Indians of North America as being a farming culture with seasonal hunting and gathering that were part of the Eastern Woodland Culture. Small bands formed villages during the warm summer months and cultivated maize. During the winter, difficulties feeding so many people caused the tribes to break apart with each family living off of whatever they could find. The dangers were great and survival could never be taken for granted. This was well detailed in the book White Devil. The many Algonquian speaking bands who occupied the land along the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Main were the Indians that seventeenth century English settlers most commonly encountered. Included in this large linguistic family were the Powhatans, who dominated the lower Chesapeake region, the Narragansett of southern New England, and the Abenakis, who co ntrolled the forest of Maine (Divine, p.6). The only other mention of this conflict in the textbook is on May 18th, 1756, the British finally declared war on the French in an attempt to remove them the Mississippi valley and the conflict was named the French and Indian war in America and the Seven Years War in Europe. This war made a deep impression upon American society. Even though Franklins Albany Plan had failed, the military struggle had forced the colonists to cooperate on an unprecedented scale. It also drew them into closer contact with the mother country. They became aware of being part of a great empire, but in the very process of waging war, they acquired a more close sense of an America that lay beyond the plantation and villages. Conflict had carried men across colonial boundaries exposing them to a vast territory full of opportunities for a booming population. The war trained a corps of American officers, people like George Washington who learned from firsthand experience that the British were not invincible. Our text gave us an outline of what happened. Brumwell gave us an insiders look through the eyes of a commander that waged a battle against the Abenakis. The author writes well and his writing is very fluid and well paced. I like that he used very intriguing details. Brumwell shows well how Rogers was a man of action but that his group was costly and ill disciplined that sustained heavy casualties and made many crucial errors in judgment, had serious intelligence leaks and had high casualty reports throughout their careers in the Seven Years War. But the author shows how Rogers still had personal bravery and heroism despite his records. But readers might consider this to be somewhat overshadowed by the reputed murder and cannibalization of a captured Abenaki woman by Rogers on his retreat from Odanak is best understood as a reflection of Rogers moral courage to keep his men alive (Brumwell, p. 231). Rogers postwar career was mired in struggles with debt, charges of treason and alcoho l. Brumwell still is able to show the significance to North American Military history and makes a persuasive case for the larger significance of the raid on Odanak in the final phase of the Seven Years War. The destruction of the home village of a prominent Native nation allied to New France played a key role not only in the Subsequent Anglo-American diplomacy that separated many Native American Allies from Canada in 1760, but also in the unprecedented wave of settler expansion into western Abenaki homelands during the 1760s. Works Cited: Divine, Robert (et. al.) America: Past and Present 7th Ed. New York: Pearson-Longman (2005). Brumwell, Stephen. White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press (2005).

Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie

Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie Stories are account of real or imagined events. Haroun and the Sea of Stories contains many of them that do not clearly distinguish the line between reality and imagination. In fact these stories, true or untrue, show that imagination is necessary to work and feed the mind as well as to provide hope and courage for life's daily challenges. For imagination is a part of reality.Imagination is served by creative minds and can stir minds into creativity. Creativity is an expression of imagination. The Guppees, a colourful and diverse people, have immense imagination and engage in all forms of creativity. Their beautiful architecture and landscape show their skills in designing. Their advance technology (especially at P2C2E House) shows their ability to mix facts to new scientific realm. Their love for sharing their views and engagement in debates does not divide them but move them into new levels of agreement and unite them towards a common goal.Shadow WarriorFor disagreement is a form o f exploratory imagination. Finally, their passion for the Ocean of the Streams of Stories shows how occupied they are over stories for they stir their imagination. Their minds are active and they constantly seek satisfaction for their curiosity. Their lifestyle cannot be lived devoid of the creative powers of imagination.On the other hand, the Chupwalas are dull and uninteresting. Their dark, cold and colourless city reflects their lack of imagination. Their cultmaster controls them by enforcing silence in the land of Chup. The lack of communication dulls their mind and causes them to be fearful and suspicious even of their own shadows. Their silence and the cultmaster's control reduce the Chupwalas to simply existing without living to the fullest. For without imagination, the people have no curiosity, will not seek answers to questions and, eventually, become like...

What is an Unreliable Narrator Definition and 6 Real Examples

What is an Unreliable Narrator Definition and 6 Real Examples What is an Unreliable Narrator: Definition and Examples In literature, an unreliable narrator is a character who tells a story with a lack of credibility. There are different types of unreliable narrators (more on that later), and the presence of one can be revealed to readers in varying ways - sometimes immediately, sometimes gradually, and sometimes later in the story when a plot twist leaves us wondering if we’ve maybe been a little too trusting.While the term â€Å"unreliable narrator† was first coined by literary critic Wayne C. Booth in his 1961 book, The Rhetoric of Fiction, it’s a literary device that writers have been putting to good use for much longer than the past 80 years. For example, "The Tell-Tale Heart" published by Edgar Allan Poe in 1843 utilizes this storytelling tool, as does Wuthering Heights, published in 1847.But wait, is any narrator really reliable?This discussion can lead us down a proverbial rabbit hole. In a sense, no, there aren’t any 100% completely reliable narrators. The  "Rashomon Effect† tells us that our subjective perceptions prohibit us from ever having a totally clear memory of past events. If each person subjectively remembers something that happened, how do we know who is right? "Indeed, many writers have used the Rashomon Effect to tell stories from multiple first-person perspectives - leaving readers to determine whose record is most believable." (Check out As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner for an example).For the purpose of this article, however, we will refer to narrators who are purposefully unreliable for a specific narrative function. How to write an unreliable narrator that has us on our toes and reading between the lines. Literary function of an unreliable narratorFiction that makes us question our own perceptions can be powerful. An unreliable narrator can create a lot of grey areas and blur the lines of reality, allowing us to come to our own conclusions.Fallible storytellers can also create tension by keeping readers on their toes - wondering if there’s more under the surface, and reading between the lines to decipher what that is. Unreliable  narrators can make for intriguing, complex characters: depending on the narrator’s motivation for clouding the truth, readers may also feel more compelled to keep reading to figure out why the narrator is hiding things.Finally, all unreliable narrators are first-person: they live in the world of the story and will have an inherent bias or perhaps even an agenda. While you may find an unreliable narrator who's written in the second-person or third-person point of view, this is generally rare.PRO-TIP: If you'd like to see the different point of views in action, check out this post that has 50+ point of view examples.Types of unreliable narratorsJust like trying to classify every type of character would be an endless pursuit, so is trying to list every type of unreliable narrator. That said, we've divided these questionable raconteurs into three general types to better understand how they work as a literary device.1) Deliberately Unreliable: Narrators who are aware of their deceptionThis type of narrator is intentionally lying to the reader because, well, they can. They have your attention, the point of view is theirs, and they’ll choose what to do with it, regardless of any â€Å"responsibility† they might have to the reader. (The film adaptation of Room, image: Universal Pictures)Forrest Gump by Winston Groom Forrest is another example of a narrator who’s not deliberately unreliable in order to pull the wool over the readers’ eyes or to â€Å"save face.† From the outset, we are aware that Forrest doesn’t comprehend things like the â€Å"average† person does, and we’re aware that we might not be able to take everything he says at face value. This is confirmed when Forrest begins detailing his life, which is peppered with stories about major events from history that he was apparently intimately involved in. We can’t be certain that he’s not telling the truth, but it would be quite the life if he is. Six examples of unreliable narrators and how to write your own fallible storyteller. An unreliable narrator breaks the conventional relationship of trust between a reader and a storyteller. However, the key is that you don’t want to shatter that trust entirely, because you’re likely to lose the reader. Ensure your unreliable narrator has a clear purpose for being unreliable, employ just enough mist around the narrator’s accounts to put question marks in our minds, give us the underlying sense that there’s more to the story, and you’ll be able to foster a connection between the reader and narrator that has the pages of your book flipping.Who are some of your favorite unreliable narrators from literature? Have you ever tried writing one yourself? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

Recommendation for London Business School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation for London Business School - Essay Example This will give readers an understanding of why it is that you are qualified in recommending Gregor. Why do you think the applicant would be a good fit for the MiF programme at London Business School?* I had the pleasure of working with Gregor for one year in a team specialised in Equities. During this time, I observed Gregor as a hardworking, highly motivated and enthusiastic individual. From the beginning of his career within Bloomberg, he was involved in different interest groups such as, Launchpad Group, where he quickly became the central point of contact regarding the global implementation of this function. He was soon training the Analytics Department and actively involved in the recruitment process, carrying out interviews for the candidates and becoming a highly respected mentor for the new employees. I am convinced that Gregor would be a good fit for the MiF programme since he has professionally demonstrated the necessary skills to be successful at LBS such as, leadership, enthusiasm and analytical thinking. Due to his impressive language skills (he is fluent in English, German, Polish and Spanish) Gregor is able to communicate and work in an international setting, characterizing the work environment at LBS. The experience he has gained in well-known multinational companies in different European countries, allows him to understand customer needs and provide tailored solutions related to financial queries. The best testimony for Gregor’s abilities is the numerous positive comments he has received from our clients, admirably highlighting both his professionalism and the great attitude he will bring to class discussions at LBS. Besides the outstanding level of professionalism, Gregor also has a proactive and hardworking character aptly demonstrated when participating in student and work groups at our school. Thanks to his numerical skills, which he displayed by preparing weekly statistics regarding team productivity, and excellent financial knowledge demonstrated when dealing with high profile clients from the Finance Industry, he is perfectly equipped to be successful in the MiF Programme. To summarize, I highly recommend Gregor for the MiF Programme at LBS based on my own experience with this programme and excellent experience I gained by working directly with Gregor. His enthusiasm, knowledge and outstanding character make him a perfect candidate and a good fit for London Busin ess School. How do you think the applicant would contribute to: 1) The study group and classroom environment* Gregor has a very good understanding of financial concepts based on his studies and work in the financial environment. This allows him to approach complex problems and communicate solutions in a structured and logical way. Moreover, he is keen to learn and is not afraid to ask questions which will be of advantage in classroom discussions. His international experience, friendly disposition and hardworking character will allow him to adapt easily to any study group and contribute immensely to the team results. 2) Student clubs and the wider School community* Gregor demonstrated a great level of enthusiasm within our company when he was involved in different projects (such as Global Launchpad Campaign or volunteering projects to help homeless people). Because of this, I strongly believe that he will continue to work in various student groups within our School and increase their popularity. Due to his work in the Sales Department, Gregor has built a significant network efficiently (try not to use future tense, like â€Å"he could†, be affirmative and boldly state that â€Å"he can† etc.) organising new projects with important partners from economy. Furthermore, he has significantly contributed to existing student groups by using his exceptional knowledge about

System Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis - Essay Example Use cases can be used for almost every kind of project for the reason that they are cooperative in providing information about planning related issues and requirements of the project. Thus, in the beginning of a project the majority use cases should be defined, however as the project carries on more capacity turns out to be noticeable. In simple words, the basic purpose of use case diagram is to recognize the major elements and procedures that make up the system. These major elements are recognized as "actors" and the procedures are known as "use cases." In this scenario, the use case diagram demonstrates which actors relate with each use case (Braun et al., 2011) and (Chitnis et al., 2003). Use Case Diagram of WBF Ltd rental system B- Use case description The process of defining the overall use case along with main aspects of interactions between the system and the users is known as use case description. In the scenario of system development, the main purpose of use case description is to explain overall procedures in addition to aspects those are demonstrated in the diagram so that the viewer can have better overview of the interactions and processes (Sommerville, 2004) and (Pressman, 2001). Rental Process Use case description Use case Description This use case describes the process of film rental for customer. In this scenario a customer places a request for the film. In case film is available then customer provides his personal details. After recording customer details system stores the system film rental information and processes payment information. After payment processing system delivers the receipt to the customer. Precondition/s In order to process film rental request there is a precondition for the availability of the film in stock. If the required film is available in the film stock then the system processes the film rental request. Post condition/s For the successful completion of the overall rental process, there is a need to implement a proper ap proach for processing the payment of customer. After receiving payment from the customer, system carries out the rental requests as well as provides it by saving customer and film information and delivering the payment receipt. Steps I have outlined below some of the main steps for the overall process of film rental case: Customer requests for renting a film Customer selects the desired movie Customer provides personal details Customer pays the required cost of film he wants to take on rent System saves information System delivers receipt Assuming that the customer has chosen the film and it is available to rent out, produce a step-by-step use case description for the use case ‘Check out Film’ in WBF Ltd rental system using an appropriate template/format that should include: C- Role of class diagram Class diagrams are the foundation of object-oriented design and analysis. Class diagrams demonstrate the classes of the main system that we are going to develop, their invol vements (comprising aggregation, inheritance as well as relationship), and the characteristics and processes of the classes. Moreover, class diagrams are used to carry out a broad range of functions, such as together domain/abstract modeling and comprehensive design

William Wordsworth’s Use of Nature Essay Example for Free

William Wordsworth’s Use of Nature Essay William Wordsworth sought to find universal truths, rather than individual ones. They challenged their readers to look at nature not with a sense of fear or apathy, but as an equal. Poets urged people to see that nature and man are one, and therefore, by experiencing nature, one can experience life more fully. To do so, people must first have an authentic experience, keeping an open mind, free from rational thought. Imagination must take over from there, providing one with not only a sense of resolution, but also independence. Although some experiences may make one sadder, it also makes one wiser in knowing the truth, and living through the experience. Wordsworth and the other Romantic poets strayed away from the common Neoclassical thought that poetrys main goal was to teach, in that he believed poetrys main goal was for pleasure. Out of teaching, comes pleasure in the learning. Lyrical poetry, a passionate speaking from the heart, was created as a result. The works of Wordsworth justify his experience as an early child who undergone hardship in life by losing early his beloved parents and leaving with him his neurotic sister Dorothy. (Online Literature) The magnificent landscape deeply affected Wordsworths imagination and gave him a love of nature. (Read Print Online). Nature deserves to be love and praise by addressing these to all his work. This can be proven in his following works: First, Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is Wordsworths interpretation of an experience that his sister, Dorothy, had. Second, Strange Fits of Passion Have I known is a realization and visualization of fear in losing Lucy. Third, The Prelude is full of his memories, youthful adventure and nature that mold him spiritually and feel free. There are lots of ballads written by William Wordsworth that illustrate the love and use nature based on his experienced. This research explores only these three works. Wandered Lonely as a Cloud First, Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is Wordsworths interpretation of an experience that his sister, Dorothy, had. Dorothy Wordsworth says in her journals that the day to which the poem refers to was full of furious winds and heavy rain, in which they tried to run away from. This running away symbolizes Wordsworth takes his sisters experience and gains his own; one of beauty and understanding versus his sisters running away. To him, and other lyrical poets, in order for man to grow and mature, he/she must face nature. When this balance is gained, the poet has been successful. Man in general running away from nature. (Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. , 2000). The poem lonely as a Cloud begins with the evidence of an error, resolves the problem, and shows at the end a proof of authenticity. Love is created, and therefore, the poet can never hate or destroy nature. The poem subjected a person to restrictions and classifications that society has placed on a certain ways of life. It also shows the feeling of Wordsworth in loving human and nature. It tells the pleasure from being in solitude. When in solitude and tranquility, the rational mind is stopped so that unregulated emotion can begin. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Wordsworth presents a picturesque natural setting that not only delights the mind’s eye of the speaker, but the reader as well. First, he describes the daffodils as â€Å"golden,† (Davies, Hunter, 1980) instantly giving them aesthetic value. Then he uses personification to add to the beauty of the scene by characterizing the daffodils as â€Å"dancing in the breeze. † A simile adds to the effect of the natural setting by comparing the natural daffodil garden to another beautiful natural panorama: â€Å"Continuous as the stars that shine/ and twinkle on the Milky Way/ they stretched in never-ending line. † Hyperbole emphasizes the magnitude of the scene. â€Å"Ten thousand saw I at a glance. † Wordsworth continues by juxtaposing the daffodils with the waves that crash in the sea beside them. Even the waves cannot compare in beauty, he says. Later, while lying on his couch, the daffodils give the speaker a feeling of â€Å"bliss,† accentuating the Romantic tenet that humans can find true beauty and joy in nature. Strange Fits of Passion Have I known revised and analyzed by Sarena Cha

Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road †The River and the

Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road One element that separates a good novel from a great novel is its enduring effects on society. A great novel transcends time; it changes and mirrors the consciousness of a civilization. One such novel is Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For the past one hundred and fifteen years, it has remained in print and has been one of the most widely studied texts in high schools and colleges. According to Lionel Trilling, its success is due to Twain’s â€Å"voice of unpretentious truth† (92) embodied in the young narrator Huck Finn who reveals the hypocrisy and moral deprivation of society through his innocent observations. It is a picaresque novel, or novel of the road, where the river acts as the road that carries the characters on continuous adventures. Seventy years after the publication of Huckleberry Finn, Jack Kerouac began to write his picaresque novel entitled On the Road. Like Twain’s Huck Finn, Sal Paradise is Kerouac’s naà ¯ve narrator who captures the essence of life in his depictions of experiences on the road. Both characters are social commentators regarding the conditions of their surroundings; they are public barometers who measure the state of societal values. Even though Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is heralded as one of the greatest American novels, Jack Kerouac’s On the Road embraces a loftier, more mature, religious ideal of life that transcends Twain’s social commentary and will one day place it permanently in the anthologies of American literature. The similarities between Huckleberry Finn and On the Road are numerous and worth consideration because they depict the hand in hand progression (one following the other in ... ...76. Hunt, Tim. Kerouac’s Crooked Road: Development of Fiction. Hamden: Archon Books, 1981. Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York Penguin, 1957. ---------, Jack. Selected Letters: Jack Kerouac 1957-1969. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Viking P, 1999. Nicosia, Gerald. Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac. Berkeley: U of California P, 1983. Swartz, Omar. The View from On the Road. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP: 1999. Trilling, Lionel. â€Å"A Certain Formal Aptness.† Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford, 1995. 284-85. Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford, 1995. Weinreich, Regina. The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac. New York: Paragon House, 1990.

Assessment Methods Essay

Diagnostic assessment is a pre assessment that determines a difficulty for the student in a precise area. This type of assessment provides teachers with information of the student’s previous awareness of the topic, their interest and attitude before instructing a lesson (McMillan 2011, p 6). Diagnostic assessment information can be collected from Summative assessments of the previous lesson. It is important to note the expectation of what the students should know, understand and be able to do at the end of the lesson as this is an integral part of an effective lesson (McMillan 2011, p 8). Formative assessment occurs during instructions, giving feedback to students on their work to assess their level and determine the next level of work activities (McMillan 2011, p 6). This type of assessment takes place during learning and helps to improve the lesson as the learning is monitored and the progress of the student is noted (McMillan 2011, p 8). The student has the opportunity to improve learning during the lesson through the feedback and send them in the right direction of learning. Learning problems are able to be distinguished during the lesson and actioned accordingly, and instructional adjustments can be made (McMillan 2011, p 8). Summative assessment takes place at the completion of the lesson to determine the student’s level of understanding, their knowledge and can physically do (McMillan 2011, p 6). This is the aim of the lesson to decide if the teaching has been positive and that the students have achieved at the anticipated level of learning. Students are graded, teachers and lessons are evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the plan (McMillan 2011, p 8). The three assessment types that form the assessment cycle are an integral part of a primary classroom learning structure. Students with learning disabilities need to be assessed in the early stages of their learning to determine the techniques of tailored learning to be applied. Using Diagnostic assessment â€Å"effective teachers were found to have tailored instruction to students’ unique needs and interests, finding just the right materials to reach their students† Robinson, G. (2008). Teaching numeracy skills a Formative assessment is then used to improve learning throughout the lesson. A summative assessment is then required to determine the student’s numeracy capabilities. Assessment is an important part of the education curriculum, to enable an effective learning environment for the students. It also allows the teacher to ensure the lesson is tailored to the students learning disabilities and there needs to achieve the learning result desired. References McMillan, J. H. (2011).

Marketing Plan: Zara Essay

I. Executive Summary Zara is the largest retail company owned and run by Inditex, largest Spanish corporation and the world’s largest fashion group. The way Zara has runs its company is by following a vertical integrated operation that has the  advantage to shorten the time in making decisions. Inventories in the stores depend on the geographic area in which the store is located; and the way Zara does their marketing is by just displaying posters at stores and by their windows display. This approach to make business has work very well for Zara; they show an economic growth despite the strong crisis suffer in the United States. The problem that Zara faces is whether to update their existing software or to keep the current software but running in the misfortune that the only DOS supplier will cease to maintain the software. Several benefits and economical costs are described to observe either it would be a wise move or not. II. Situational Analysis III. Target Market Zara sells apparel, footwear and accessories for women, men and children. Product lines were segmented into these three categories, with further segmentation within the women’s line as it was considered the strongest out of the three, with an overwhelming majority of women in the target market (78%). Zara’s consumers are young, value conscious and highly sensitive to the latest fashion trends in the industry. An advantage that the brand has over conventional retailers is that they do not define and segment their target market by ages resulting in designs and styles that can reach a broader market. Zara offers cutting edge fashion at affordable prices by following the most up-to-date fashion trends and identifying consumers’ demand, and quickly getting the latest designs into stores. IV. Swot Analysis V. Marketing Objective and Goals â€Å"The original business idea was very simple. Link customer demand to manufacturing, and link manufacturing to distribution. That is the idea we still live by.† (Jose Maria Castellano Rios, Inditex CEO) Zara’s CEO and founder, Amancio Ortega, saw the great importance of having retailing and manufacturing closely together in the apparel industry and from his view; Zara was able to position itself as a company with vertical integration control system. It covers all phases of the fashion process: design, manufacture, logistics and distribution to its own managed stores. It is also characterized by their strong focus on their customers. Vision â€Å"ZARA is committed to satisfying the desires of our customers. As a result we pledge to continuously innovate our business to improve your experience. We promise to provide new designs made from quality materials that are affordable† Mission Statement​ â€Å"Through Zara’s business model, we aim to contribute to the sustainable development of society and that of the environment with which we interacts.† VI. Marketing Strategy and Tactics Competitive Advantage: Market-oriented Strategy Most of Zara’s designs are based on the latest trends and they are ever changing according to the immediate feedback from customers. Zara employs its service staff in listening to customers’ preferences and reacts very quickly to them. It is only a matter of weeks before the designs get altered, manufactured and restocked in the stores. If a design is largely unpopular, Zara will not hesitate to withdraw them from the shelves. Its global establishment also provides an extensive network of shopper-feedback which allows them to be ahead of competitors in spotting global fashion trends. Product: Fast Moving Fashion Zara prides itself on fast moving fashion with new designs restocked in limited quantity every two weeks. This encourages consumers to frequent the stores for new designs and to snap up interesting outfits on the spot in order to guarantee themselves a piece. This provides a sense of exclusivity to shoppers. Process: Industry Leader in Lead Time Creative teams consisting of designers, sourcing specialist and product development personnel, develop design collections. The teams work simultaneously on different clothing, building and improving on styles previously available. Zara’s designers are trained to limit the number of changes made by lowering the number of samples required, minimizing cost and turnover time. Its demand based production or Just-in-time (JIT) production reduces the amount of inventory available, lowering Zara’s storage cost. Zara’s outstanding lead time is unbeatable in the industry at the moment. Furthermore, Zara eliminated the traditional design process, where design and development overrides fabric procurement. In Zara, the design teams work with the available fabric, allowing for faster fashion. Price: Low Cost, High Fashion Zara believes in offering high fashion at a low cost. Prices range from $79.90 to $539.00 for both Womenswear and Menswear while the Kids segment has coats starting from $65.00 and these prices can start from $30 during a sale. Taking quality and cost into account, Zara prides itself in providing high fashion at an affordable cost, making its customers’ purchases value-worthy. Place: Prime Retail Locations Zara, like its competitor brands, is located in prime retail areas like Ion Orchard, Orchard Road, 313@Somerset where human traffic is high. As aforementioned, Zara invests in prime locations as they place great emphasis on the presentation of its storefronts. Zara also has an online store, which increases accessibility to its customers, allowing them to make purchases conveniently on the go. However, this function is currently not available to Singaporean customers. Promotion: Minimum Advertising Zara uses 0.3% of sales revenue on advertising, minimal when compared to its competitors (3-4% of sales revenue). Instead of relying on traditional mass-marketing mediums, Zara uses prime retail locations to attract its customers. It also ensures that storefronts and window displays are attractive and fresh to customers by making frequent changes to the items on display. The interior of the store is also clean and bright, with spacious  lanes in between racks. This provides a very comfortable shopping experience. Having a good image projection of the store is vital as this is Zara’s most effective marketing communications tool. When customers walk into a store, Zara wants to portray to customers that the latest fashion is always available. VII. Implementation and Control 1975-1995: Since its inception in 1975 till 1995 Zara has followed the method of inspection in order to keep a check on the quality of its products. Zara’s designing team has worked closely with customers and have spend their time in spotting the latest trends in demand. An instant sketch of the design has been analysed and the accordingly produced. The quality control teams at Zara inspected the designs before placing them in stores. M995 till date: After 1995 Zara has implemented the practice of Total Quality Management. In this practice Zara’s vertically integrated supply chain tries to achieve Continuous Improvement of their processes, which includes spotting of the fashion trends, designing, and procurement of their materials, the CAD technology they use for designing, their improved inventory management and finally their centralised logistics and distribution system. Each of the components of the supply chain process has been explained below. Implementation Effect iveness Zara choose to invest within its own software rather than buying new technology simply because the company’s operations were unique and commercial packages would not fit; also the fact that Zara is a global company, it deals with various currencies that standard accounting packaged would have to be extensively customized and comprehensive. Zara’s operating system, DOS, is obsolete from the market affecting the firm with no reliable system for future forecasting; â€Å"not keeping up any historical date means being unable to predict sells, plan or estimate loses/gains and margin on particular designs (Anonymous, n.d). Unreliable fax machines that were taking too long and costing too much to fax order forms back and forth to stores caused delays and frustration. The use of telephones is greatly affected by miscommunication and mishearing. From the above it can be deducted that Zara’s internally application is not a good match for the firm’s needs because: t heir internally developedapplications are not easy to  upgrade and are not compatible with other applications, POS terminals are outdated and stores need POS terminals that will insure no infrastructure problems and its IT department is relatively small for the size of the firm. Evaluation of IS Implementation In this case, Zara believes less is more and makes minimal use and investment in IT. The competitive advantage Zara has over its competitors is not so much due the use of IT, but because of its quick response to the changing market. Zara does not have a chief information officer or any formal process for setting an IT budget. Castellano estimated Inditex’s IT budget for 2002 was 0.5 % of the revenue, as compared to the 2% of the revenue of other North American retailers (McAfee et al., 2007). As there is no formal justification of IT efforts, there is also not any cost/benefit analysis. However, to maintain business competitiveness is the most important factor to consider when making any decision regarding the upgrade of IS. Zara needs to analyze and compare the Tangible (quantitative) costs and benefits as well as the Intangible (qualitative) costs and benefits of the old system and the new system.

Why the Rainforests Destruction Should Be Prohibited

Why the Rainforests Destruction Should Be Prohibited The most important thing we can do – is to care. We have to care about the world we live in, the beauty we are surrounded by, the life that flourishes around. Forests Are the Lungs of the Earth Earth is beautiful. The 30% of its land area is covered with forests. These are the environs that play an important role in the planet functionality. They help control climate, regulating atmospheric gasses and maintaining rainfalls. More than 50% of the world’s species consider rainforests to be their home. But. Every minute, forest the size of 20 football fields is felled. Every day we lose about 80, 000 acres of tropical rainforests. Experts agree, that in 100 years the remaining forests will disappear. We surely can plant another tree. But can we plant another ecology? WARNING! GLOBAL WARMING! Nowadays the largest forest fell occurs in the following countries: Brazil Indonesia Democratic Republic Congo Malaysia Bolivia Columbia Peru Myanmar Cote d’Ivoire Madagascar Venezuela Cambodia Vietnam Laos Why Are the Rainforests so Important? Rainforests help control the weather and the overall planet temperature. Only Amazon produces about 20% of the oxygen. But that’s not the full list:   Rainforests had been evolving for about 100 million years, thus they came to be home for more than 35 million species of animals and plants. Deforestation will kill them all.   Forests provide oxygen humans cannot live without. Moreover, they absorb the harmful carbon dioxide, WE release. What do we have? We release carbon dioxide that kills us and we kill rainforests that could save us. The irony of fate.   A quarter of all the medicines we have today come from the plants grown in the rainforest. And this is only 1% of all the plants explored! What if we explore 100% of the rainforests plants? Probably we would have cures for all the diseases bothering us today. But again – we kill what can really save us.   Forests regulate rainfalls, filtering water and supplying it to the rivers and irrigation systems. Our planet must be extremely thankful, so must be we.   Rainforests are home for indigenous people, as still may tribes live in the heart of the rainforests all around the world. The whole scope of deforestation process is horrifying. By killing the oldest ecosystem on the planet, we are losing the chance to live a fulfilled life on this planet. Our planet is such a beautiful place in the universe, we cannot let it die. Why Are the Rainforests Felled? The main cause of deforestation is humans. We find so many reasons for the rainforests cutting down: Agriculture Wood for hardwood Road establishing Pulp for paper making paper Land for living Grazing land These motives tell only one thing – people want the civilization to rule, but in 100 years, when rainforests disappear, we will prefer something different at all. Now we still have time for the big change to happen. WE must be this change. Otherwise, it will be too late. See also: What Electric Cars Are Doing to Reduce Global Pollution Levels? What Can We Do about Global Deforestation? So, what should we do to help save at least some of the remaining forests? Tip 1. People are consumers in nature. Now we have to consume wisely. Recycling the products that made from trees (like paper) allows using them repeatedly. In such a way, we decrease the need for these products, thus – in the trees. Tip 2. There  are companies, that are environmentally friendly, they do not make any damage to nature and are of high quality. Many companies also sell products made out of recycled material. Such items are more expensive, but ecology is priceless. Tip 3. Try to eat less meat. Lower demand for meat is lower demand for grazing land. Fewer grazing lands – more forests. Tip 4. Read newspapers and magazines online. Tip 5. Plant a tree, or two, or the forest. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND GREEN CITIZENSHIP The most important thing we can do – is to CARE. We have to care about the world we live in, the beauty we are surrounded by, the life that flourishes around. Indifference will never make a change. We are the ones who can do it. My grandparents lived at the forest. When I was little I used to play there, have picnics with my family and friends, read my favorite books, dream big or just listen. That was a great time spent with the closest people in the amazing place. A year ago, it was felled. Every tree of my dream-place was cut down. Birds do not sing there anymore. I do not walk there anymore. It’s just an empty spot on the map and the hole in my heart. They fell our forests to construct the road, but they ruined much more. It’s not only the problem of the rainforests disappearing. It’s a matter of every tree growing at the house or in the park.   We have a big problem which needs an immediate solution. We cannot stay aside from this. Together we can stop the deforestation disaster.

Law of Multiple Proportions Problem

Law of Multiple Proportions Problem This is a worked example of a chemistry problem using the law of multiple proportions. Two different compounds are formed by the elements carbon and oxygen. The first compound contains 42.9% by mass carbon and 57.1% by mass oxygen. The second compound contains 27.3% by mass carbon and 72.7% by mass oxygen. Show that the data are consistent with the law of multiple proportions. Solution The law of multiple proportions is the third postulate of Daltons atomic theory. It states that the masses of one element which combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in a ratio of whole numbers. Therefore, the masses of oxygen in the two compounds that combine with a fixed mass of carbon should be in a whole number ratio. In 100 grams of the first compound (100 is chosen to make calculations easier), there are 57.1 grams oxygen and 42.9 grams carbon. The mass of oxygen (O) per gram of carbon (C) is: 57.1 g O / 42.9 g C 1.33 g O per g C In the 100 grams of the second compound, there are 72.7 grams oxygen (O) and 27.3 grams carbon (C). The mass of oxygen per gram of carbon is: 72.7 g O / 27.3 g C 2.66 g O per g C Dividing the mass O per g C of the second (larger value) compound: 2.66 / 1.33 2 Which means that the masses of oxygen that combine with carbon are in a 2:1 ratio. The whole-number ratio is consistent with the law of multiple proportions. Solving Law of Multiple Proportions Problems While the ratio in this example problem worked out to be exactly 2:1, its more likely chemistry problems and real data will give you ratios that are close, but not whole numbers. If your ratio came out like 2.1:0.9, then youd know to round to the nearest whole number and work from there. If you got a ratio more like 2.5:0.5, then you could be pretty certain you had the ratio wrong (or your experimental data was spectacularly bad, which happens too). While 2:1 or 3:2 ratios are most common, you could get 7:5, for example, or other unusual combinations. The law works the same way when you work with compounds containing more than two elements. To make the calculation simple, choose a 100-gram sample (so youre dealing with percentages), and then divide the largest mass by the smallest mass. This isnt critically important- you can work with any of the numbers- but it helps to establish a pattern for solving this type of problem. The ratio wont always be obvious. It takes practice to recognize ratios. In the real world, the law of multiple proportions doesnt always hold. The bonds formed between atoms are more complex than what you learn about in a 101 chemistry class. Sometimes whole number ratios dont apply. In a classroom setting, you need to get whole numbers, but remember there may come a time when youll get a pesky 0.5 in there (and it will be correct).

Medical Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Medical Ethics - Case Study Example On the other hand, the doctor’s absence does not imply that he cannot monitor the patient because management of healthcare records has been made possible through integrated information systems. Therefore, he could refer to the hospital’s database and monitor the situation of the patient. After the sister raises an alarm, it is quite evident that the hospital is not adhering to pain treatment policies set by the state regulatory agency. The policy of the hospital has failed since the staff believes that the patient is demanding and this attitude may be prevalent in the healthcare facility because of the policies might be promoting such behaviors. Besides, the doctor just agrees to try Nalfon without considering the residual effects on the patient like severe gastric bleeding thus the hospital’s pain management policies are far from meeting the set standards. Utilitarianism theory can be applicable in pain management situations since the theory recommends that individuals should take courses of actions that have least potential harms to those affected (Lammers, 2012). In the case scenario, the hospital’s management should understand that upgrading their policies to the standards of the state agency will help in efficient management of pain. Therefore, the theory seemingly suggests that management of pain should focus on the well-being of the patients. The theory can also be used to address other issues in the case especially wrong medical prescriptions to the patients as well as showing little empathy to those receiving care as evident in manner in which the nurses think that the elderly woman is too

Family Health Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Health Assessment - Research Paper Example Moreover, the family stated that they have not been experiencing any history of diseases like cancer or diabetes. Another issue that the family addressed concerning this function is that none of them engages in drug and substance abuse. The family believed that this is the main reason that they have not been suffering from any chronic diseases. The second function was about nutrition and the data gathered indicated that the family could normally afford to take a balance diet meal on a daily basis. Looking on their faces, they were health and this indicated that it was true on what they were saying. The family also stated that every member addresses the recommendations made by health experts by taking the necessary cups of water on a daily basis. On this issue, they approximated that each member takes between five to seven cups of clean water on a daily basis. Apart from water, the family also recorded taking other forms of fluids like tea and fruit juices. The fluids and water are of significance importance in assisting on normal body functioning and digestion. In respect to sleep/rest, the family indicated that it had problems in achieving the recommendable sleep/rest pattern. The parents stated they sleep for about four to five hours. This is because they spend most of their times trying to meet daily needs. The children also stated they sleep between six to seven hours as they spend most of their time working on school assignments. It was evident that the family lacks enough time rest. This has resulted to some members to find difficulties in sleeping at night. On the function of elimination, data gathered indicated that the family members differed on the number of times that they eliminated waste substances from their body. In the family of six members, two of them stated that they eliminated the waste substances two times on a daily basis. The other four indicated that they

Outsourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing - Assignment Example Outsourcing has revolutionized processes in the workplace, provided tools and valuable data and information, and has done many things of great importance to businesses and organisations. Literature Review This essay will focus on human resource outsourcing (HRO) which is becoming a trend particularly in the public sector. Human resource outsourcing affects performance of the staff. Human resource functions that are handled by an outsourcer provider are functions that some employees are used to performing. Businesses find outsourcing as an easy way to produce their products at low cost. Functions that can be outsourced include human resources, financial transaction processing (for accounts payable), procurement, distribution and logistics, and clinical data management. One of the drawbacks for outsourcing is that it can reduce product quality. This usually happens if a company outsources without careful study and planning. It can also reduce innovation. Firms must select areas in whic h they can concentrate their resources. Reduced innovation means lost creativity. Firms that outsource core competencies do not see the importance of focusing on employees’ capability and knowledge considering that there is a relation between contented employees and contented customers. Satisfied employees not just turn their attention on their organisation out of gratitude but provide good and faithful service to customers as payback to their organisation. (Cooke et al., 2005) Organisations should not rush into outsourcing. The firm must first analyse the business situation and conduct feasibility analysis, define the parameters of the contract, and build a strong relationship with the outsourcing company. There are several steps to be undertaken before deciding to make outsourcing a part of the company’s functions. It is like initiating an intensive project management. There are four screens to follow in conducting the feasibility: core competency screen, cost of con trol screen, goals screen, and scope screen. The feasibility study should clearly define the core competency screen, i.e. what are core competencies and what are critical in the organisation? Core activities refer to what a firm can do best and are crucial to the firm’s advantage while noncore activities refer to those which have lower impact on the firm. A detailed analysis of the requirements has to be done. When the costs exceed the benefits, outsourcing should not push through. Planning can proceed if the screens are beneficial to the organization. In the evaluation, the executive team should be identified. The team will include those who will handle the analysis, the leader and the decision-maker. The outsourcing team should be composed of technical and managerial people, and representatives from user areas whose services will be directly affected by the outsourcing. The people who will be responsible for oversight and management of the outsourcing arrangement and vendor (supplier) relations must be properly identified and involved in drafting the contract. Technical and management issues must be properly stipulated in the contract. (Cooke et al., 2005) The supplier and buyer should have close coordination and communication, and a team must monitor the progress of the relationship. The monitoring team will conclude if the provisions of the contract are being followed. This has to be evaluated time and again to see if the

George W. Bush Biography

George W. Bush Biography George W Bush Addison Davis On July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut one of our future presidents would be born his name is George W. Bush. Growing up, he was the oldest of six children from his mother and father, Barbara Pierce Bush and George Herbert Walker Bush. The Bush family has always been with politics, even in the 50’s. Bush’s grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a progressive Republican senator from Connecticut and a banker on Wall Street His father was also involved with politics, he was a businessman, diplomat, a vice president and president of the United States. At just two years old, George H.W. Bush decided to move the whole family to Midland, Texas where he would make it big in the oil business. Boy George mostly grew up in Midland and went to school there up until seventh grade when they moved to Houston, Texas. At that point George W. Bush was sent to Massachusetts to go to school at Phillips Academy. At Phillips Academy he was a Star Athlete playing baseball, basketball and footbal l. He was an alright student and occasionally got into trouble, but nevertheless, he was accepted into Yale with the help of family connections. At Yale, he put his social life in front of studies, but this being said he was still invited into the invitation only Skull and Bones society. Just before his graduation George enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard. He was again accepted with some help of a family friend. In 1970 George received his fighter pilot certificate, but on November 21, 1974 he was honorably discharged from the Air Force. After that, he decided to go back to school so, he went to Harvard Business School to get his Masters of Business Administration degree. After that he went back to his hometown to enter the oil business working with a friend. Later on, after he had had some experience with the business he started his own oil and gas firm. In 1977, he would meet his future wife Laura Welch, who was a school teacher and a librarian at the time. After just three months him and Laura decided to take the next step so George proposed and were married on November 5, 1977. After they were married, they settled in Midland, Texas, so George can continue to work on his business. Prior to his marriage George had a serious drinking problem and then joined the United Methodist Church and was a born-again Christian. In 1981, George and Laura had their first children, which turned out to be twin girls. Five years later, Bush sold his struggling oil business to Harken Energy Corporation for stock a spot on its board of directors. Around when this happened George had completely quit drinking and became deeply involved in his church. When George’s dad was running for president, George W. Bush and Laura moved his family to Washington, DC to help his father’s campaign. After George H. W. Bush won the election, George W. Bush and Laura Bush moved back to Texas and shortly after getting involved with investors trying to purchase the Texas Rangers . George W. Bush was quickly qualified as their leader and made amazing trades. After those trades the team did excellent and he eventually sold his team for seventeen times his initial investment. In 1992 after his father lost to Bill Clinton in a reelection, George W. Bush decided to run for governor of Texas as a Republican. His family reputation and his affiliation with the Rangers helped him win the 1994 campaign against Ann Richards. The election was tight the whole time, but George won the election with a fifty-three percent vote and was also the first governor to have a father as president. He was also the first Texas Governor to be elected to consecutive four-year terms. When Bush was a governor, he mainly appealed to republicans but also was well known for bipartisan governing. He combined personal responsibility and limited government. Since Bush was governor during a surplus he pushed for tax cuts and better education. He changed teachers’ salaries to student perf ormance on standardized tests and lowered the age of being tried in an adult court.[1] In 2000, Bush and his running mate Dick Cheney, who had been a former congressman and U.S. defense secretary under George H.W. Bush, had just defeated Al Gore and Joe Lieberman, U.S. Senator from Connecticut, by a very slim margin of 271-266 electoral votes even though Gore had beaten Bush with the popular vote by 48.4% to Bush’s 47.9%. This has been the fourth time this had ever happened in U.S. History.[2] One of the first things and one of the best domestic achievements Bush’s Administration worked on was public education. The first major initiative was the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, this helped the public education system and raised test scores. Bush increased Peel Grants available to college students and they were raised to an all-time high. The tax relief package was another thing Bush was well known for. This package reduced individual taxes and doubles child tax credit and other reforms. On September 11, 2001 the most deadly attack on American soil happened unexpectedly and Bush’s Presidency was completely altered. On this day, terrorists from the group Al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes, two of the airplanes were ordered to hit the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Another was told to hit the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The final plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after the passengers made a bold move to overtake the hijackers. When this happened President Bush declared war on Terrorism. This became an assault on anyone who had the twisted mind to support terrorism around the world. As a result of this effort the Afghanistan War started in October of 2001 and then the War in Iraq in 2003. This was actually Bush’s greatest failures in doing this it made the United States look like we were marked by fear, confusion and vulnerability.[3] George Bush’s greatest domestic failure was the way he tried to handle Hurricane Katrina, his attempt was just too slow. Bush sent in federal troops in days after the catastrophe and it took even longer for the troops to get there because of the road conditions. People were dying on top of their roofs of starvation and thirst waiting for some type of evacuation. News teams got there the first day it all went down asking questions about why troops were not showing up to bring aid to all of the unfortunate people. Bush’s administration was heavily criticized for the way this was handled and it showed when Bush’s public support went from sixty percent to forty-nine percent within two weeks.[4] George Bush did not have a lot of foreign achievements, but one of the best has to be humanitarian aid in Africa. In 2003 President Bush announced the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, otherwise known as PEPFAR, was a global program to fight AIDS. This was the largest effort ever created to fight a disease. In July 2008 a reaut horization was passed to add funding to tuberculosis and malaria as well, all of this cost 48 billion U.S. Dollars. This is all a part of President Bush’s emphasis on foreign aid in Africa. Thanks to George Bush tons of Africans get thousands of dollars of medicine for free. [5] But like all presidencies they must come to an end. Many people were against him having bumper stickers saying â€Å"Bush Lied, People Died†. Other people thought he was a not really a republican. Despite all of that most people will still talk about President Bush and say he an average leader who achieved much redemption just as the United States gave up.[6] Bibliography â€Å"Bushs Biggest Achievements.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2008/08/bushs-biggest-achievements>. â€Å"Bushs Legacy.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21588363-best-account-yet-failed-presidency-bushs-legacy>. George Bushs Greatest Achievements and Failures.† Accessed December 7, 2014.http://siirispolitics.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-are-george-w-bushs-greatest.html. â€Å"George W. Bush,†, accessed December 7, 2014,http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-w-bush. George W. Bush.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/The-President-and-Family/George-W-Bush.aspx>. George Walker Bush. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 08:26, Dec 07, 2014, fromhttp://www.biography.com/people/george-w-bush-9232768. [1] George Walker Bush. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 08:26, Dec 07, 2014, fromhttp://www.biography.com/people/george-w-bush-9232768. [2] â€Å"George W. Bush,†, accessed December 7, 2014,http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-w-bush. [3] George W. Bush.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/The-President-and-Family/George-W-Bush.aspx>. [4] George Bushs Greatest Achievements and Failures.† Accessed December 7, 2014.http://siirispolitics.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-are-george-w-bushs-greatest.html. [5] â€Å"Bushs Biggest Achievements.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2008/08/bushs-biggest-achievements>. [6] â€Å"Bushs Legacy.† N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21588363-best-account-yet-failed-presidency-bushs-legacy>.

Self Reliance :: essays research papers

The essay â€Å"Self-Reliance†, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, is a persuasive essay promoting the ways of transcendentalism. He uses this paper to advance a major point using a structure that helps his argument. In the paper, Emerson begins his concluding thoughts with a statement that greater self-reliance will bring a revolution. He then applies this idea to society and all of its aspects, including religion, education, and art. This brings Emerson to a new, more precise focus on how society never advance, rather it recedes on one side as fast as it gains on the other. This shocking, yet intriguing, idea is supported and augmented using tone, metaphor, example, and the consequence of ignoring his opinion. The final result is a conglomeration of ideas into the major points that, â€Å"Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles.† With the major points and devices used by Emerson defined, it is now possible to examine in greater detail how he persuades the reader, starting with the use of tone. The use of word choice, sentence length and structure, as well as many other factors set the tone of this paper. The final result is a paper that has a conciliatory tone. A paper written in this authoritative style is helpful in persuasion. It pulls the reader into the authors ideas, making them your own. The tone of the paper thus allows for metaphors to be extremely powerful in promoting Emerson’s ideas. The metaphors are numerous throughout the paper, however there is one indelible one towards the end of the paper that really helps to shape the essay. â€Å"Society is a wave. The wave move onward, but the water of which it is composed does not.† The clear metaphor of society to the wave and the particles of water to the people distinctively demonstrates Emerson’s idea the society never advances. If a man is not self-confident and is unable to share himself with others, as people die so too does their experience. But the ability to be self-reliant eliminates this loss of experience. Although this metaphor is strong enough on its own to provide all of the support necessary for the idea that society never advances, Emerson adds to it and his other ideas with examples. The first examples are used to support the lack of progression of society. The â€Å"civilized† man of the Americas and Europe is compared to the â€Å"savages† of New Zealand.

Wahaha Case Study

QUESTION 1: What â€Å"international strategy† and â€Å"modes of entry† did COKE/PEPSI use to penetrate the Chinese Market? How effective were these choices? When Chinese markets opened up in 1980’s, Coke/Pepsi focussed on defining several strategies to Differentiate, Market and distribute their Cola products to Chinese consumers. International Differentiation Strategy: Both used two main aspects of this strategy â€Å"Branding† and â€Å"Cost Leadershipâ€Å"to force local producers to withdraw from the market or establish joint ventures with them.They invested heavily in Brand recognition and used lots of advertising and sponsoring to support their cola brands. They replicated their global rivalry in China and initially were determined to seize market share from domestic cola producers, even at the cost of profitability. Later, Coke instituted the â€Å"Glocal† strategy which means â€Å"Think Local, act local but leverage global† but Pe psi instituted its positioning on young consumers. International Marketing Strategy: Coke spent heavily on Marketing to create a sound brand image and included Chinese cultural icons like windmills and dragons in its advertising.Local films and sports stars were engaged, sponsored National Soccer teams and International Olympic Committee as well with funding up to $1. 1 Billion for Beijing Games. Pepsi also used a great deal of Marketing like using popular entertainers such as Faye Wang, Guo Fuchen as endorsers. Pepsi became the most popular soft drink brand for young consumers due to its focussed Marketing for this demographics. International Distribution Strategy: Both preferred to establish their own distribution networks while setting up Joint Ventures with bottlers and bottlers managing sales in their assigned territory.They set stringent sales targets for bottlers, and in turn bottlers would set targets for distributors. While in most of the joint ventures, Coke did not have m ajority shareholding but Pepsi sought a majority share in the joint ventures. Global vs. International Strategy: Coke/Pepsi both maintained a global image and product offerings with a strong level of standardization in terms of Product quality, taste and branding but adapted their marketing strategies as per local market.For Example, Coke has taken the â€Å"think local, act local† approach and localized their marketing activities to be in sync with Chinese consumers. They sponsored National Youth Soccer Team and also extended their sponsorship for Beijing Games to create a sense of belonging among the end consumers. International Collaborative Strategy: Both Coke/Pepsi did collaboration with local Chinese companies and set up joint Ventures which helped them understand cultural, political, competitive and economic differences among various provinces in China.They were also successfully able to reach end consumers through local companies and create accurate customer profiles which helped them understand complexities in Chinese market. International Diversification Strategy: Product diversification strategy entails any modification of a current product that serves to expand its potential. Product diversification is different from product development such that it involves creating a new customer base, which expands the market potential of the original product. Coke/Pepsi used this strategy quite effectively to widen their customer base and target new segments.They launched several local products specific to Chinese needs and culture and did marketing in localised manner. For Example: Coke launched Minute Maid Pulpy Super Milky drink and the Sprite Tea drink and both have been regional hits. Both drinks have been developed out by the research and development unit in China. These strategic choices made by Pepsi/Coke were quite effective in China as they had successfully implemented them in other countries and both companies gained combined market share of 7 1% in Chinese Cola market by 2000.QUESTION 2: What resources, capabilities and competencies enabled Wahaha to compete successfully against Coke and Pepsi when most other local Chinese soft drink manufacturers had failed? Wahaha was able to successfully compete against Coke and Pepsi due to these factors: Wahaha’s Leadership : Wahaha Group was managed by Zong Qinghou who had a great vision and deep knowledge of markets and consumers in various regions. He had 20 years of sales experience in Chinese rural markets and Wahaha launched Future Cola in rural areas first which was untapped.Wahaha’s Marketing : Marketing, research and development (R&D) and logistics management were centralized at headquarters, while the subsidiaries were engaged in production. Wahaha’s marketing was clearly home grown and pitched the product as a â€Å"Chinese Cola† creating a sense of patriotism among end consumers. Wahaha’s Advertising : Wahaha’s advertising target ed the mass market, and not just the wealthier urban consumers. The prices of its products were usually lower than those of comparable products from its multinational competitors.They spent half of their advertising on CCTV which had huge rural coverage and credibility among consumers. Wahaha’s Distribution Network: Wahaha had developed unique relationships with distributors over last 10 years and was able to quickly deliver its products, reaching even remote corners of China within days. Wahaha established offices in more than 30 provinces with sales staff co-ordinating operations with the distributors.Wahaha JV’s and Acquisitions: In order to obtain world class production technology and survive competition from both local and multinational companies, Wahaha chose to partner with French giant Groupe Danone and both established several production oriented Joint Ventures(JV’s) which resulted into revenues and profits growing more rapidly. Wahaha also made several acquisitions such as loss making companies which were larger but poorly managed and it supported geographic expansion and production in local provincial markets.Wahaha’s R&D : Wahaha co-operated with R&D institutes and leading domestic flavor producers to ensure that its cola would be of a high quality and conducted thousands of taste tests worldwide. Its taste was designed to be close to international colas, but a little bit sweeter and stronger to cater to the Chinese consumers’ taste. Wahaha’s Production: Unlike Multinational companies, Wahaha had set up its own bottling plants as subsidiaries which allowed it great flexibility and also opened 68 production lines over China in various provinces.Wahaha’s Competitive Edge: The biggest competitive advantage which Wahaha had over Coke/Pepsi is that being a local company it understands the Chinese culture diversity pretty well and also their unique relationship with distributors in even remote parts of Chi na. They identified the opportunity in rural markets which was untapped by big multinationals and advertised heavily on local TV Channels, especially CCTV to create a solid Brand image in minds of Chinese consumers.Above all, since Wahaha had successfully sold many products like bottled water, flavoured milks, children’s nutritious drinks before launching Future Cola so it had enough experience, network and capital to support its Marketing, advertising expenses unlike other local Chinese soft drink manufactures who failed. QUESTION 3: What were the relative â€Å"Strengths & Weaknesses† of the three competitors in the Chinese Cola War? | Strengths| Weakness|Coke| International ExperienceStrong presence in urban areasExcellent sales force Huge capital to support price warsWide Range of productsIncreased local market knowledge| Weak Rural presenceCross territory sales by distributorsRivalry with Pepsi| Pepsi| International ExperiencePopular among young consumersProven St rategy in other marketsStrong hold on main cities| Weak Rural presenceJoint Venture conflictsRivalry with Coke| Wahaha| Understanding Chinese Culture DiversityRelationship with distributors in rural areas68 Production lines over ChinaJoint Venture with DanonePricing flexibility due to production by own subsidiariesChina’s own Cola| Week attendees in main citiesSales force|Wahaha seems to be winning the Cola war if they build on the strategies and implement them successfully in urban areas as well where multinationals have strong presence and also continue protect their current market share in rural areas. Another reason why Wahaha seems to be winning over because it has branded its products as â€Å"China’s own Cola† Made in China products and which resulted into a sense of belonging and loyalty among the Chinese consumers and it can be successfully implemented in big cities like Beijing, Hong Kong as well. QUESTION 4: Describe the Competitive Strategies and Tac tics each company (Wahaha/Coke/Pepsi) used to gain Market Share in China.Did any company appear to be winning the cola war? Support your answer. We can describe the competitive Strategies and Tactics used by each company to gain market share using Porter’s Five Force model. Industry Rivalry: When Chinese markets opened up in 1980’s, Coke and Pepsi invested heavily in Brand recognition and used lots of advertising and sponsoring to support their cola brands. They replicated their global rivalry in China and initially were determined to seize market share from domestic cola producers, even at the cost of profitability. They either forced local producers to withdraw from the market or establish joint ventures with them.Wahaha decided to target the rural market first because it knew and understood this market, and because it was not the focus of Coca Cola and PepsiCo. It focussed on the mass market of 1. 1 billion people in rural areas. Suppliers: Pepsi and Coke preferred to establish their own distribution networks while setting up Joint Ventures with bottlers and bottlers managing sales in their assigned territory. They set stringent sales targets for bottlers, and in turn bottlers would set targets for distributors. They used this model successfully in many countries. Their bottlers will map every place where their products can be sold and create one of them most accurate customer profiles.Coke had 28 bottling plans with Joint ventures (Minority shareholding) but Pepsi had 16 bottling plans with Joint ventures (Majority shareholding). Bottlers had little Supplier Power since they were into joint ventures with Coke and Pepsi. Wahaha did not had any suppliers since it had set up its own bottling plants as subsidiaries which allowed it great flexibility with its sales team and resulting into more price flexibility. It had more than 40 WOS and majority holding companies in 23 provinces. Buyers: Chinese cola consumers were segmented into two broad area s urban and rural, while urban market was captured mostly by Coke and Pepsi and Wahaha had excellent rural reach due to its unique relationship with its distributors in remote parts of China.Coke target market was large population centres, rolled out its products in cities based on population with up to 85% distribution penetration, Pepsi focused on key markets and cities, youth segment and had 65% distribution penetration but increasing faster than Coke. Wahaha focus initially was on smaller cities and rural areas which was yet untapped by big multinationals. Wahaha priced its products quite lower than Coke and Pepsi since rural consumers had more price sensitivity than urban buyers. It spent heavily on CCTV advertising which had huge rural coverage and credibility among consumers. They did the Marketing of their products as â€Å"Made in China† which made consumers more loyal towards it.Pepsi/Coke made money from sale of concentrate while Wahaha made it from sale of final p roducts due to its own subsidiaries doing production and so Wahaha had high pricing flexibility than Coke/Pepsi and was able to undercut multinationals. Potential Entrants: Coca Cola and PepsiCo’s success against the domestic Cola producers in the early stages and their strong brand name and sales network in big cities formed a high entry barrier for new competitors. However, later Wahaha successfully competed against them due to good knowledge of Chinese culture, sound distribution network and excellent Brand Management and timely launch of quality products in rural areas which was untapped by big companies. But, still sector has high entry barriers there by resulting into limited potential entrants.Substitutes: There are several substitutes to Cola like Iced Tea, Sports and Energy drinks, Non – Carbonated drinks, juices, packaged water etc which pose a great challenge to Cola Industry and growing at a higher rates up to 10% in comparison to 2-4% growth rate in Cola d rinks. This has resulted into Coke, Pepsi and Wahaha launching several other products in these categories Value Creation for Shareholders: While Coke/Pepsi endorsed local film stars, included cultural icons in its advertising and sponsored various Chinese Sports programs to localise their marketing as per Chinese consumers but Wahaha focussed on advertising using TV Ads especially on CCTV which had huge coverage and credibility and also sponsored Soccer World Cup and spring festivals. QUESTION 5: What future strategies should Wahaha consider to compete successfully against such large multinational enterprises?There should be a Four Step Action Plan which Wahaha should consider to compete successfully against such large multinational enterprises: Step1: Wahaha need to maintain and protect its leading position in Rural market since both multinationals Pepsi/Coke are going to improve their distribution network, product offerings and further localise their Marketing to penetrate rural m arket. It can do it by increasing Marketing activities in rural areas and projecting its â€Å"Chinese Cola† brand image more comprehensively. Step2: It need to target main cities where multinationals have strong presence and fetch market share so that it can maintain its overall market share in case of downside in rural market share. Step3: It needs to explore new markets which are yet untapped fully by multinationals and are similar to Chinese ulture since it can brand its products successfully in similar manner as it did in China Step4: It needs to broaden its product line and enter into other substitutes category like Iced Tea, Bottled water etc which are posing a threat to Cola segment by registering higher growth rates. It can also start research on new product segments like Alcoholic drinks etc to see if market potential exists or not. Strategy| Actions| Protecting and maintaining leading position in Rural Market| * Increase Marketing activities in rural areas( Sponsor for local events and ads) * Offer Bounce system to maintain distributors loyalty . | Market Penetration| * Target Main cities first where Wahaha has good reputation like Beijing, Hong Kong etc. Promotional campaign every quarter for Brand Recall| Market Development| * Expand in neighbour countries with similar Chinese culture since it can use similar marketing and branding strategies in those countries which Wahaha has successfully implemented in China. * Use the Danone JV to enter in markets where Danone has good presence. | Product Development| * Prepare new production line for non – carbonated soft drinks since other substitutes like Iced Tea, Juices, Bottled waters are showing a higher growth rates than Cola segment. * Start Study to produce alcoholic drinks like Beer. | References: 1: International Trade & Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London. UK. on â€Å"COCA-COLA: International Business Strategy for Globalization† 2: Por ter’s Five Force model of Competition: http://www. managementstudyguide. com/porters-model-of-competetion. tm 3: Cola Wars in China: Case Study Analysis Source: Strategy Analysis and Practice 2005 McGraw Hill Education Europe 4: Cola Wars in China : The Future is Here ; Case Study by Nancy Dai at Richard Ivy School of Business. 5: Cola Wars – UTS 21715 – Strategic Management Lecture 3 University of Technology Sydney 6: Alon, I. , Littrell, R. F. , & Chan, A. K. (n. d. ). Branding in China: Global product strategy Alternatives. http://www. aabri. com/OC09manuscripts/OC09002. pdf 7: Espitia E. , Manuel and Ramires A. , Marisa The impact of product diversification strategy on the corporate performance of large Spanish firms. Spanish Economic Review Volume 4 Number 2. P. 119-137 2002.